Non-invasive assessment of aortic stiffness and blood pressure in young Turner syndrome patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Females with Turner syndrome (TS) carry an elevated risk of aortic dissection. The objective of the study was to assess the biophysical properties of the aorta and ambulatory blood pressure (BP) in females with TS and compare these findings to those in healthy female age-matched controls. Methods This was a prospective cohort study including subjects aged 8-25 years. Utilizing two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography and Doppler, proximal aortic dimensions were measured and biophysical properties of the aorta were calculated including pulse wave velocity (PWV), arterial pressure-strain elastic modulus and stiffness index. Resting BP was measured and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) was performed. Results Of 23 TS patients and 46 controls (median age 16.3 years), aortic annulus, sinus of Valsalva and sinotubular (ST) junction diameters, as well as left ventricular (LV) mass, were significantly greater in TS patients compared with controls when scaled for height2.7, but not for body surface area (BSA), although ascending aorta diameter was greater when scaled for both. Median PWV was faster in TS patients compared to controls (451 vs. 360 cm/s) while arterial pressure-strain elastic modulus and stiffness index were similar. Resting BP was abnormal in seven out of 22 patients and ABPM was abnormal in 16 out of 21 patients. Conclusions Young patients with TS had dilated proximal aortas when scaled for height2.7 and stiffer aortas when compared with healthy female age-matched controls. Moreover, resting BP underdiagnosed pre-hypertension and hypertension compared to ABPM. These findings are consistent with the presence of a primary aortopathy in TS.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".