Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Calculating velocities in shales in thermal production settings is important to refine time-lapse reservoir characterization from seismic. The effective stress concept is attractive to potentially reduce the amount of expensive core calibration data required. We propose a formulation for thermal effective stress in shales based on the idea of balancing undrained pore pressure increments from thermal expansion with an increase in the matrix stress to minimize pore deformation. This formulation is motivated by a desire to simplify forward modeling, reduce the number of dimensions that must be experimentally calibrated through core testing, and to leverage existing velocity-stress relations for thermal applications. The concept was tested on data from a well-known set of experiments consisting of two North Sea Kimmeridge shale core samples, which displayed a linear dependence of velocity on pressure and temperature. These data were found to be consistent with the proposed thermal effective stress model with a constant effective stress coefficient when considering elastic changes but do not prove that the concept is universally valid. Thermal effective stress coefficients were calculated for P- and S-wave velocities from the data and were found to lie from 0.66 to 1.22, demonstrating reasonable scaling for the proposed model.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".