The Coffee‐Ring Effect on 3D Patterns: A Simple Approach to Creating Complex Hierarchical Materials
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The coffee‐ring effect can be troublesome or beneficial in many surface coating and patterning technologies, prompting an extensive investigation into understanding its underlying mechanism. Although valuable insights are available on drying of polymer solutions on planar surfaces, such information is lacking for 3D‐patterned substrates. Here, the experimental realization of the coffee‐ring effect of a polymer solution on topographical surfaces is reported. Interestingly, the results indicate that, following the capillary flow, the polymer is divided between multiple contact lines on the 3D features and around the base. Therefore, for a proper spacing between the 3D patterns, it is demonstrated that the polymer deposit can be limited to the 3D structures, leaving the base unoccupied. This superposition property is then exploited to fabricate complex hierarchical materials with selective wrinkling on the 3D features, by simply drying a polymer solution on them and, subsequently crosslinking the polymers using plasma.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".