Laser-ultrasonic inspection of cold spray additive manufacturing components
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cold spray is a solid state coating technology with high deposition rates that is very suitable for large scale applications of additive manufacturing (AM). For quality control of complex parts, laser ultrasonics is particularly attractive due to its non-contact nature and is well adapted to online implementation. In this study, various inspection results performed off-line on metallic parts produced by the cold spray AM process are presented. Laser ultrasonics combined with the synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT) is used to detect flaws and through-thickness distributed porosity is investigated using the laser-ultrasonic backscattered signal. Also, laser shockwave is used to characterize bond strength at the interface between the deposition and the substrate. For post heat treatment of cold spray AM metallic parts, laser ultrasonics is used to monitor in real time recrystallization and sintering. Inspection results from either the top layer or the underside of the substrate are reported and discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".