Friction stir welded lap joint inspection using ultrasonic guided waves
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Friction stir welding is a solid state joining process used across a range of industries from shipbuilding to aerospace. However, defects such as kissing bonds or wormholes usually associated with poor control of the rotational and traverse speeds during manufacturing remain difficult to detect using standard nondestructive testing methods. This paper investigates the correlation between the transmission of low-frequency ultrasonic guided waves through a lap joint and the rotational speed used during manufacturing. The aim of the method is therefore to nondestructively assess the manufacturing parameters rather than detect specific defects. The experimental setup comprises a 100 kHz shear transducer used for the excitation of S0, six pairs of 3.2 mm aluminium plates in a friction stir welded lap joint configuration and a 2D laser Doppler vibrometer. The lap joints were manufactured with a rotational speed varying from 600 RPM to 1050 RPM while the traverse speed and the plunge were maintained constant. The experimental results showed excellent correlation between the transmission S0 and the stir zone width. Clear outliers were also identified when looking at the amplitude of the 2nd harmonic of the S0 mode.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".