Photo(electro)catalytic Nitrogen Fixation: Problems and Possibilities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Photo(electro)catalytic nitrogen fixation is considered as a competing alternative for the Haber–Bosch (HB) process due to the direct production of ammonia (NH 3 ) from nitrogen and water with zero carbon dioxide emission, which has made it a very hot research topic in recent years. Particularly, photo‐driven nitrogen reduction has been attracted to a specific focus in the scientific community since it can be powered by limitless solar energy at ambient conditions. However, unsolved challenges have remained to date such as, electron–hole separation, low quantum efficiency, weak visible light harvesting, catalytic selectivity, N 2 adsorption, and activation. In this Review, the recent achievements and related approaches toward nitrogen fixation are presented. In addition, the discussions on mechanistic photofixation of nitrogen, catalytic engineering design, and the outlook for enhancing the photocatalytic performance of ammonia photosynthesis are also devoted. Finally, the emerging trend of advanced photo(electro)catalysts for nitrogen fixation is proposed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".