The bees of British Columbia (Hymenoptera: Apoidea, Apiformes)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
British Columbia is the most biologically diverse province in Canada, and its wide range of landscapes – particularly the dry valley bottoms and basins of the Columbia, Kootenay, Okanagan, Kettle, and Similkameen River systems – make it ideal for many groups of Hymenoptera, including bees. With the exceptions of some generic- or family-level treatments, no comprehensive account of the bees of British Columbia has been published, although recent studies have indicated that more than half of Canada’s bee species may be found in the province, with many of these found nowhere else in the country. Here, we summarize the province’s bee fauna by providing a comprehensive annotated checklist of species. For each species, we indicate the ecozone(s) in which they are presentently known to occur, and we provide summary statistics and analyses to compare ecozones. We also summarize the growth in knowledge of the province’s bee species over time, and all species accounts for the province are accompanied by a list of supporting literature or data. Although we feel this list is comprehensive, it is likely that we have overlooked some published accounts, and additional undocumented species will show up. In total, we record 483 bee species from British Columbia, 37 of which are considered new to the province. Among these, 20 species (or subspecies) are recorded as new to Canada, including: Andrena (Euandrena) misella Timberlake, Panurginus cressoniellus Cockerell [Andrenidae], Lasioglossum (Dialictus) obnubilum (Sandhouse), L. (Evylaeus) argemonis (Cockerell), L. (Hemihalictus) glabriventre (Crawford), L. (Hemihalictus) kincaidii (Cockerell) [Halictidae], Osmia (Melanosmia) laeta Sandhouse, O. (Melanosmia) malina Cockerell, O. (Melanosmia) pulsatillae Cockerell, O. (Melanosmia) raritatis Michener, Anthidium (Anthidium) formosum Cresson, Dianthidium (Dianthidium) plenum plenum Timberlake, D. (Dianthidium) singulare (Cresson), Stelis (Stelis) ashmeadiellae Timberlake, S. (Stelis) calliphorina (Cockerell), Dioxys pomonae pomonae Cockerell, Megachile pugnata pomonae Cockerell [Megachilidae], Nomada crotchii Cresson, Melissodes (Eumelissodes) saponellus Cockerell, and Habropoda miserabilis (Cresson) [Apidae].
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.052 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".