Types, Frequency, Duration, and Dosage of Probiotics to Prevent Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Infants Among Countries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Probiotic use in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) has been linked to reduced rates of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. Currently, in the United States, probiotic use within the NICU is limited despite being commonly used in other countries. PURPOSE: To provide an overview of the current practices of using probiotics in preterm infants for the prevention of NEC in the NICU in preselected countries. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted on PubMed and clinicaltrials.gov. Also, studies from 2 recent meta-analyses on the topic were reviewed for inclusion. Selection criteria were as follows: studies involving preterm infants using probiotics in the NICU, reporting on the impact of probiotic use on the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis, published within the last 10 years and in the English language, and originating from the United States, Canada, or any European country. RESULTS: Twenty-three studies were selected. The most common types of probiotics used were Bifidobacterium infantis and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. The most common frequency of administration was daily or twice day. Duration ranged from 10 days to the entire NICU stay. The dosage was commonly 1 billion colony-forming units daily but ranged from 12 million daily to 12 billion per kilogram daily. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Examining the current practices of probiotic use in the NICU provides useful information as this adjunctive therapy rises in popularity. IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH: Refining methods of probiotic research for necrotizing enterocolitis prevention will improve safety and effectiveness and provide a framework for future clinical trials.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".