Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although boronic acids are recognized primarily for their utility as reagents in transition metal-catalyzed transformations, other applications are emerging, including their use as reaction catalysts. Few methods are available for the catalytic activation of hydroxy functional groups as a way to promote their direct transformation into useful products under mild conditions. To this end, the ability of boronic acids to form reversible covalent bonds with hydroxy groups can be exploited to enable both electrophilic and nucleophilic modes of activation in various organic reactions. Using the concept of boronic acid catalysis (BAC), electrophilic activation of carboxylic acids leads to the formation of amides from amines, as well as cycloadditions and conjugate additions with unsaturated carboxylic acids. Alcohols can also be activated with boronic acid catalysts to form carbocation intermediates that can be trapped in selective Friedel-Crafts-type reactions with arenes and other nucleophiles. On the other hand, diols and saccharides can form tetrahedral adducts with boronic acids, which increases their nucleophilic character towards electrophiles. Altogether, BAC imparts mild and selective reaction conditions that display high atom-economy by circumventing the need for wasteful stoichiometric activation of hydroxy groups into halides or sulfonates.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".