Bending and Buckling Behavior of Hollow-Core FRP–Concrete–Steel Columns
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article presents a numerical study on the behavior of hollow-core fiber-reinforced polymer–concrete–steel (HC-FCS) columns under combined axial compression and lateral loadings. The investigated HC-FCS columns consisted of an outer circular fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) tube, an inner square steel tube, and a concrete wall between them. The HC-FCS column has several advantages over RC columns. The tubes act a stay-in-place formwork, providing continuous confinement and reinforcement. The concrete shell prevents the outward buckling of the steel tube, which improves the column strength. Three-dimensional (3D) numerical models were developed and validated against experimental results. The models subsequently were used to conduct a parametric finite-element (FE) study investigating the effects of the concrete wall thickness, steel tube width-to-thickness (B/ts) ratio, confinement ratio, concrete strength, applied axial load level, and buckling instabilities on the behavior of the HC-FCS columns, with a particular emphasis on local buckling of the inner tube. This study revealed that the behavior of HC-FCS columns is complicated due to the interaction of the stiffness of the three different materials: concrete, steel, and FRP. In general, in the HC-FCS columns with square steel tubes, failure was triggered by local buckling of the steel tube followed by FRP rupture. The presence of the concrete wall restrained by the outer FRP and inner steel tubes significantly affected the steel tube buckling. Expressions were also developed to predict the local buckling stresses and strains of the square steel tube.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it