Residual Stresses, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of EB-Welded 90-mm-Thick UNS S41500 Martensitic Stainless Steel after PWHT
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract UNS S41500 is a grade of 13Cr-4Ni martensitic stainless steel utilized in hydroelectric turbine products. In this study, the microstructural characteristics, mechanical properties, and through-thickness residual stresses of electron-beam (EB) welded butt joints in 90-mm-thick UNS S41500, assembled using a single pass autogenous process, were evaluated after post-weld heat treatment (PWHT). The results of the longitudinal residual stresses, measured using the contour method, indicated that the applied PWHT was effective in stress relieving and reducing the hardness of the weldment through tempering of the “fresh” martensite present in the microstructure after EB welding. The static tensile properties that were evaluated in the directions transverse and longitudinal to the weld seam demonstrated high performance of the joints with conformance to the requirements of not only ASME Section IX, ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code–Section IX: Qualification Standard for Welding and Brazing Procedures, Welders, Brazers, and Welding and Brazing Operators, but also ASTM A240, Standard Specification for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure Vessels and for General Applications, for unwelded UNS S41500. The Charpy impact energies indicated that the toughness of the welds greatly surpassed the minimum acceptance criteria specified in ASME Section VIII, ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code–Section VIII: Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels. Also, bend testing of transverse weld cross sections displayed no discontinuities on the tension side of the bent joints. These results provide the essential data for validating a manufacturing process for assembly of high-performance joints in an important hydroelectric turbine material.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".