Bibliographic record
Abstract
Morale had to be Created: The Importance of Alcohol and Tobacco among Commonwealth 1 Troops during the First World War Four years after the end of the First World War, the 1922 Report on Shellshock closed its address with "morale, can be, and had to be, created." 2 In the horrific conditions of trench warfare on the Western Front, soldiers were left to endure a murderous, drawn-out struggle with little comfort.There were no victories that would ensure a period of rest, nor was there glory to be found for the common trench solider who simply survived another day.The troops instead found their willingness to endure the war in the regular rations of rum and cigarettes.Recent studies on the subject have downplayed the importance of alcohol and tobacco during the First World War, instead focusing on either the unquantifiable rumours of front line cocaine use or the medical efficacy of morphine.The writings of soldiers themselves, however, whether it be in memoirs, novels, letters, or poems, nearly always include mentions of the rum ration or describe a scene wherein two companions pass the time smoking cigarettes.The effect of alcohol and tobacco on the average infantry soldier was significant, and at times, life-saving.During the years of conflict, regular rations of alcohol and tobacco were used for their physical effects, as a connection to home, as a reward system, and as facilitators for social interaction.The multiple uses of these psychoactive substances created a culture of camaraderie among front-line soldiers, bolstering morale within the ranks of soldiers and in the War Office.The cigarette became recognized by the British government for its morale-boosting effects, and every soldier soon 1 While the term "Commonwealth" is anachronistic, it will be used as it is the most succinct term that encompasses British, Canadian, and ANZAC forces 2 Tim Cook."More a Medicine than a Beverage: "Demon Rum" and the Canadian Trench Soldier of the First World War." Canadian Military History 9, no. 1 (Winter 2000): 7.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.026 | 0.049 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.014 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.013 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.016 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".