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Record W2945335235 · doi:10.29173/cons29390

Morale Had to be Created

2019· article· en· W2945335235 on OpenAlex
Shelby Drozdowski

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
venuePublished in a venue whose home country is Canada.
aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.

Bibliographic record

VenueConstellations · 2019
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicWorld Wars: History, Literature, and Impact
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Alberta
Fundersnot available
KeywordsPsychologyPolitical scienceSociology

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Morale had to be Created: The Importance of Alcohol and Tobacco among Commonwealth 1 Troops during the First World War Four years after the end of the First World War, the 1922 Report on Shellshock closed its address with "morale, can be, and had to be, created." 2 In the horrific conditions of trench warfare on the Western Front, soldiers were left to endure a murderous, drawn-out struggle with little comfort. There were no victories that would ensure a period of rest, nor was there glory to be found for the common trench solider who simply survived another day. The troops instead found their willingness to endure the war in the regular rations of rum and cigarettes. Recent studies on the subject have downplayed the importance of alcohol and tobacco during the First World War, instead focusing on either the unquantifiable rumours of front line cocaine use or the medical efficacy of morphine. The writings of soldiers themselves, however, whether it be in memoirs, novels, letters, or poems, nearly always include mentions of the rum ration or describe a scene wherein two companions pass the time smoking cigarettes. The effect of alcohol and tobacco on the average infantry soldier was significant, and at times, life-saving. During the years of conflict, regular rations of alcohol and tobacco were used for their physical effects, as a connection to home, as a reward system, and as facilitators for social interaction. The multiple uses of these psychoactive substances created a culture of camaraderie among front-line soldiers, bolstering morale within the ranks of soldiers and in the War Office. The cigarette became recognized by the British government for its morale-boosting effects, and every soldier soon 1 While the term "Commonwealth" is anachronistic, it will be used as it is the most succinct term that encompasses British, Canadian, and ANZAC forces 2 Tim Cook. "More a Medicine than a Beverage: "Demon Rum" and the

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: Not applicable
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.689
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0020.001

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.028
GPT teacher head0.304
Teacher spread0.276 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it