Methodology to calculate interfacial tension under electric field using pendent drop profile analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, we present a methodology to calculate interfacial tension of a water-oil interface under an electric field. The Young-Laplace equation, conventionally used to estimate surface/interfacial tension in axisymmetric drop shape analysis (ADSA), is modified to include electrostatic effects. The solution needs normal component of the Maxwell stress at the interface which is calculated separately by solving the Laplace equation for electric potential. The optimized fitting between the resulting theoretical profile and the experimentally obtained profile results into Bond number which is used to calculate the apparent value of interfacial tension. The algorithm can process a large number of drop profiles in one go. The methodology can be applied in the ADSA studies for adsorption dynamics where a drop is held for a long time while surface active molecules are allowed to adsorb. The method discussed in this paper will help the future studies in adsorption dynamics at fluid interfaces under electric field and the resulting interfacial property evolution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".