Economics of fumigation in tomato production: the impact of methyl bromide phase-out on the Florida tomato industry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Florida tomato industry is facing challenges of increased production costs and decreased yields resulting from the methyl bromide (MBr) phase-out under the Montreal Protocol for environmental concerns. MBr and several accepted alternative soil fumigant systems are analyzed in this study from an economic perspective. This article focuses on identifying optimal fumigant systems by analyzing the cost effectiveness and economic risk associated with MBr and several other commercially available soil fumigant systems using data collected from scientific field trials. The results obtained show that a 67:33 formulation of MBr: chloropicrin is the most cost-effective treatment, and no alternative fumigant systems investigated can substitute MBr cost-effectively in Florida tomato production. The analysis indicated that switching from MBr (67:33) to the new industry standard PicChlor 60 approximately resulted in a loss of $3,569 per acre in gross revenue and $1,656 per acre in profit using market prices in the 2013/14 season. Higher market prices would further increase the loss.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".