Classifier for motor imagery during parametric functional electrical stimulation frequencies on the quadriceps muscle
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This work proposes the classification of motor imagery signals for brain-machine interfaces with functional electrical stimulation in the quadriceps muscle. Five volunteers participated in the test, 3 healthy participants, aged 28 ± 3 years, and 2 paraplegic volunteers, aged 43 (ASIA-B, C7 level - 16 years) and 47 (ASIA-A, T7 level - 20 years) years respectively. In total, each participant performed 90 repetitions of motor imaging of the lower limb under electrical stimulation, with frequencies of 20Hz, 35Hz, and 50Hz and current amplitude of 20mA. The patterns were analyzed off-line and submitted to the classification architectures after application of spatial filtering to extract the characteristics. The classification of the patterns was performed using the architectures: (i) Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), (ii) Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), and (iii) Support Vector Machine (SVM). To validate the proposal, the performance was compared between the classifiers through the accuracy of cross validation, variance, precision, and sensitivity. With the SVM classifier, the best accuracy percentage was 86.5%. These results are promising and the trained architectures are feasible for implementation in neuroprostheses with lower computational resources.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".