Beyond the A‐layer: adsorption of lipopolysaccharides and characterization of bacteriophage‐insensitive mutants of <i>Aeromonas salmonicida</i> subsp. <i>salmonicida</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is a fish pathogen that causes furunculosis. Antibiotherapy used to treat furunculosis in fish has led to resistance. Virulent phages are increasingly seen as alternatives or complementary treatments against furunculosis in aquaculture environments. For phage therapy to be successful, it is essential to study the natural mechanisms of phage resistance in A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. Here, we generated bacteriophage-insensitive mutants (BIMs) of A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, using a myophage with broad host range and characterized them. Phage plaques were different depending on whether the A-layer surface array protein was expressed or not. The genome analysis of the BIMs helped to identify mutations in genes involved in the biogenesis of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and on an uncharacterized gene (ASA_1998). The characterization of the LPS profile and gene complementation assays identified LPS as a phage receptor and confirmed the involvement of the uncharacterized protein ASA_1998 in phage infection. In addition, we confirmed that the presence of an A-layer at the bacterial surface could act as protection against phages. This study brings new elements into our understanding of the phage adsorption to A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida cells.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".