Long-term corrosion behaviour of carbon steel and stainless steel in Opalinus clay: influence of stepwise temperature increase
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Carbon steel (C-steel; E24 and S235 grades) and stainless steel (316L) electrodes were corroded in situ in Opalinus clay under anoxic conditions in a vertical descending borehole. The electrodes were exposed at ambient temperature for two years, and then at 85°C for five years. In situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that the instantaneous corrosion rate of C-steel decreased over time down to 1 µm year−1, followed by steady state. Microbial and chemical investigations showed that sulphate and thiosulphate reducing prokaryotes were present in the porewater and at the metal surface. Post mortem characterisation revealed contrasting corrosion aspects. The E24 corrosion interface was thick and contained magnetite, mackinawite, hydroxychloride and siderite, together with more oxidised species (goethite, greigite, elemental sulphur). The S235 corrosion interface was thinner and contained siderite and mackinawite. Corrosion damage of the 316L electrode was negligible, and the surface was covered by a thin fringe of pyrite.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".