Spatial and temporal variations in the Ruttan Mine tailings, Leaf Rapids, Manitoba, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Ruttan Cu-Zn mine produced approximately 30 million tons of fine-grained tailings over 30 years. Since the closure of the mine in 2002, the tailings have been systematically dewatered through trenches which drain into Ruttan Lake and into the\nopen pit and underground mine workings. This study evaluated the evolution of the\ntailings of Cell 3, which was underwater in 2002, and Cell 2, which was already dry and\noxidized.\nDewatering the submerged tailings in Cell 3 resulted in measureable changes in acidification in pore and shallow groundwater from rapid oxidation of very fine\ngrained sulphides. Depth profiles of the concentration of metals in dissolved and solid fractions, when compared to other studies, suggest that the tailings in Cell 2 and Cell 3 are in an early stage of oxidation and that these tailings will produce low pH, metal laden water for years.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".