Effect of <i>Brassica</i> crop-based biofumigation on soilborne disease suppression in woody ornamentals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Soilborne diseases are the most economically important problem for ornamental nursery producers in the southeastern United States. The use of cover crops selected based on their biofumigant activity to improve soilborne disease management in woody ornamental production was assessed. Replicated pot bioassays were established as greenhouse trials in sterilized clay loam soil which had pre-existing populations of Rhizoctonia solani or Phytophthora nicotianae. Selected Brassica crops were seeded directly into the soil and flowering cover crops were incorporated 15 cm deep into the same pots and covered with polyethylene for 2 or 4 weeks. Volatile compounds released during the biofumigation process were collected at different time intervals. Soil type and moisture affected ITC release. Hydrangea or viburnum rooted cuttings were grown in the biofumigated (2 or 4 weeks) and non-biofumigated control pots and root rot disease severity was evaluated at the end of each bioassay. Yellow mustard (Sinapis alba, ‘White gold’), turnip (Brassica rapa, ‘Purple top forage’), arugula (Eruca vesicaria ssp. sativa, ‘Astro’), Mighty mustard (B. juncea, ‘Pacific gold’), rape (B. napus, ‘Dwarf essex’), mustard green (B. carinata, ‘Amara’) and brown mustard (B. juncea, ‘Kodiak’) cover crops were effective in suppressing R. solani and P. nicotianae. Similar disease suppression was observed whether biofumigation was performed for 2 or 4 weeks. Phytotoxicity was not observed on viburnum and hydrangea woody ornamental plants after either the 2 or 4 weeks biofumigation period with any of the tested cover crops. Viburnum and hydrangea grown in mustard green-, arugula- and turnip-incorporated soil had significantly higher whole plant and root fresh weights compared with the inoculated, non-biofumigated control plants. Although mustard green and arugula are not used currently as commercial biofumigation cover crops, they also showed promise for controlling soilborne pathogens of woody ornamental plants under greenhouse conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".