80 Prediabetes: An Emerging Health Concern in Urban Living Adolescents
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Previously considered an adult disease and non-existent in the pediatric population in the late 20th century, type 2 diabetes has now become one of the fastest growing pediatric chronic diseases worldwide 1. A Canadian national surveillance study found an incidence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents of 1.54 per 100,000 per year 3. As a result, this current health issue is of great interest to researchers and clinicians around the world. 1. Dean HJ, Sellers EA. Children have type 2 diabetes too: An historical perspective. Biochemistry Cell Biology 2015;93(5):425–9. 2. Amed S, Dean HJ, Panagiotopoulos C, et al. Type 2 diabetes, medication-induced diabetes, and monogenic diabetes in Canadian children: a prospective national surveillance study. Diabetes Care 2010;33(4):786–91. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence rates and risk factors of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in adolescents attending two predominantly multicultural Canadian urban secondary schools. The study was guided by the following research questions: 1. Are the following risk factors present in adolescents attending two predominantly multicultural Canadian urban secondary schools: ethnicity, body mass index, blood glucose tolerance, and blood pressure? 2. What are the prevalence rates of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in adolescents attending two predominantly multicultural Canadian urban secondary schools? In this exploratory quantitative study, a total of 266 adolescents, aged 14–21, were screened for risk factors of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. Data with respect to demographics, family history of diabetes, anthropometrics, blood pressure, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were collected. Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics in addition to chi-square analyses. Based on body mass index, 37.2% of the adolescents were classified as either overweight or obese, with females predominantly overweight and males predominantly obese. Based on HbA1c levels, 29.3% were at high risk to develop either diabetes or prediabetes, and 2.6% were classified in the prediabetes range. Many participants with elevated HbA1c were overweight/obese (36.5%), with more than twice as many females than males presenting as overweight. Prehypertension/hypertension rates of 48.5% in the sample increased to 50.6% in those adolescents with elevated HbA1c; the majority of these prehypertensive/hypertensive participants were male. High rates of overweight/obesity and prehypertension/hypertension were found in the adolescents studied and indicated the presence of prediabetes and an increased risk to develop type 2 diabetes and associated complications. Thus, timely research is needed to identify age-appropriate strategies that address risks and to develop recommendations for routine screening of adolescents for prediabetes. Weight and Blood Pressure Classification for those with Elevated A1c by Sex
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".