Soldering Grain Boundaries Yields Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Open‐Circuit Voltages
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Grain boundaries (GBs) are one of the major sources of defects in a polycrystalline perovskite solar cell and can greatly increase the rate of charge carrier recombination. In the push to optimize the efficiency of perovskite solar cells, it is therefore extremely important to maximize the grain size and minimize the number of GBs. In the present work, the number of GBs is effectively reduced by introducing a suitable number of formamidinium and chloride ions into the methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI 3 ) absorber layer. Inverted perovskite solar cells, using NiO x nanocrystals as the low‐temperature‐fabricated hole transport layer, are prepared; the champion cell has an efficiency of 19.6%. This work demonstrates a simple method of minimizing the number of grain boundaries, which is critical to the future development of this technology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".