Hydrogeochemistry of high-fluoride saline groundwater in the Yuncheng Basin, northern China
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The presence of saline groundwater has become one of the most acute problems for water resource management worldwide, since it causes deterioration in water quality and endangers future exploitation of groundwater resources. In addition, high levels of groundwater salinity are often associated with an increase in the concentrations of fluoride (F). Diverse mechanisms govern salts and fluoride enrichment in groundwater. In this case, saline groundwater with elevated fluoride (up to 14.1 mg/L) in the Yuncheng Basin (YB) was investigated. The research shows: (i) large-scale contamination of F in groundwater is closely associated with groundwater salinization processes in the area; (ii) groundwater with high F concentrations has distinctive major ion chemistry: Na-rich and Ca-poor with a high pH and HCO3- content. The major ion chemistry and pH are controlled by mineral dissolution, cation exchange, and evaporation in the aquifer systems which are also important for F mobilization.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".