159-OR: Changes in Dairy Product Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes among U.S. Men and Women
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: The relationship between changes in dairy product consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has not been evaluated. Objective: We evaluated the association of 4-year changes in dairy product consumption with subsequent 4-year risk of T2D among U.S. men and women. Methods: We followed-up 35,148 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2012), 78,357 women in the Nurses’ Health Study (1986-2012), and 82,937 women in the Nurses’ Health Study II (1991-2013). Diet was assessed using validated food frequency questionnaires every 4 years. Cox proportional regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) for T2D associated with 4-year changes in dairy product consumption, with adjustment for initial dairy intake and multiple T2D risk factors including BMI and diet quality. Results of the 3 cohorts were pooled using an inverse variance-weighted, fixed-effect meta-analysis. Results: During 2,849,389 person-years of follow-up, we documented 12,007 incident T2D cases. Changes in milk consumption during a 4-year period were not associated with T2D risk in the following 4 years. Increasing yogurt consumption by >0.5 serving/day was associated with a 13% (95% CI: 6%, 19%) lower risk of T2D compared with maintaining a stable consumption. Increasing cheese consumption by >0.5 serving/day was associated with an 8% (95% CI: 2%, 16%) higher risk of T2D. Substituting reduced-fat milk for whole milk or low-fat cheese for high-fat cheese was not associated with subsequent T2D risk. However, increasing intake of yogurt or reduced-fat milk by 1 serving/day and concomitantly decreasing cheese intake by 1 serving/day was associated with a 16% (95% CI: 10%, 22%) and 11% (95% CI: 7%, 15%) lower risk of T2D, respectively. Conclusion: Increasing yogurt consumption was associated with a moderately lower risk of T2D, while increasing cheese consumption was associated with a moderately higher risk. Substituting yogurt or reduced-fat milk for cheese was associated with lower risk of T2D. Disclosure J. Drouin-Chartier: Other Relationship; Self; Dairy Farmers of Canada. Y. Li: None. A.V. Ardisson Korat: None. M. Ding: None. B. Lamarche: Advisory Panel; Self; Dairy Farmers of Canada. J.E. Manson: None. E. Rimm: Advisory Panel; Self; Take C/O, US Highbush Blueberry Council/USDA. W.C. Willett: None. F. Hu: None. Funding National Institutes of Health (UM1CA186107, UM1CA176726, UM1CA167552, DK112940, HL60712, HL118264); Canadian Institutes of Health Research (BPF-156628)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".