Heat Transfer of Impinging Seawater Spray and Ice Accumulation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, a new predictive model for the ice layer and water film growth, which occurs due to seawater spray impinging on large horizontal surfaces of a supply vessel, is developed using a Stefan-type problem formulation. The icing model includes conduction heat transfer in the ice and brine film layer, assuming the volume and distribution of brine pockets and air bubbles within the ice accumulation are uniform. The model also uses heat and mass balances to predict the freezing fraction, temperature distribution, ice layer and water film thickness. The results show that the water film salinity and icing intensity change with time during the icing period. Additionally, the water film salinity variations affect the freezing temperature, thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of ice formation. As a result, heat conduction within the accumulated ice changes with time due to the variations of salinity; thus, the conduction heat flux has a significant effect on the ice thickness growth rate. This new model is a useful tool for forecasting and assessing the potential ice accumulation on marine vessels and structures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".