Conversion from mutualism to parasitism: a mutant of the ectomycorrhizal agaricomycete <i>Tricholoma matsutake</i> that induces stunting, wilting, and root degeneration in seedlings of its symbiotic partner, <i>Pinus densiflora</i>, in vitro
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tricholoma matsutake is an ectomycorrhizal agaricomycete that produces matsutake mushrooms in association with conifers. Here, we isolated a pleiotropic mutant, designated as G1, following γ-ray irradiation of T. matsutake NBRC 33136. In addition to exhibiting increased cellulose- and amylose-degrading activities and altered mycelial morphology, G1 degenerated lateral roots and caused stunting or fatal wilting of seedlings of its symbiotic partner, Pinus densiflora, in vitro. A mutant, designated Ar 59, previously isolated after argon-ion beam irradiation, exhibited the same phenotypes as G1, but without its detrimental effects. Ar 59, like NBRC 33136, developed a Hartig net around healthy cortical cells that was composed of uniseriate hyphae. In G1-inoculated seedlings, the Hartig net was composed of heavily bundled hyphae penetrating the intercellular space, and it was accompanied by somewhat unusual forms of plant cortical cells. Sequences of rRNA gene-related markers, including four single nucleotide polymorphisms present within each strain, were 100% identical among NBRC 33136, G1, and Ar 59, indicating that they are mutants of the wild-type. Thus, γ-ray irradiation can convert the fungus from a beneficial to a harmful agent. These findings suggest the presence of an unknown mechanism in the fungal genome that can transform mutualism into parasitism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".