The Application of Transition Metal Catalysis for Selective Cyclocarbonylation Reactions. Synthesis of Lactones and Lactams
Bibliographic record
Abstract
All articles of this category A variety of 5-, 6-, and 7-membered ring lactones and lactams have become available via carbonylative cyclization reactions catalyzed by different transition metal complexes. Palladium and rhodium complexes are the most widely used catalysts for the cyclization reactions. Furanones can be synthesized either by the catalytic intermolecular cyclocarbonylation of iodoarenes with alkynes or alkynols, or by intramolecular cyclocarbonylation of alkynols. γ-Butyrolactones are mainly prepared by the intramolecular cyclocarbonylation of allyl alcohol derivatives catalyzed by palladium(0) complexes and 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane (dppb). The replacement of dppb by a chiral ligand leads to the formation of optically active γ-butyrolactones. Furthermore, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered ring bicyclic and polycyclic lactones and lactams are obtained by the Pd(II) catalyzed intramolecular cyclocarbonylation of 2-allylphenol and 2-allylaniline derivatives in the presence of syngas. The regiochemical control of the reaction depends on the choice of solvent, the nature of the metal and added ligand, and the relative pressures of the gases (CO and H 2 ). transition metals - carbonylation - cyclization - lactones - lactams - intramolecular
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".