FP155Indoxyl sulfate and cognitive function in patients maintaining hemodialysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a greater risk of cognitive impairment and dementia than the general population, Accumulation of uremic solutes in the brain causes uremic encephalopathy, however, the effect of protein-bound uremic toxins on cognitive function remains unclear. METHODS: In silico data, blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration prediction was performed based on admetSAR database, which apply support vector machine algorithms on fingerprints of compounds. In clinical study, we investigate the impact of IS on cognitive function among patients maintaining hemodialysis (HD). Serum IS was measured by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Cognitive performance was measured by three tests - the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI). RESULTS: In silico analysis, the BBB penetration probability of IS was 0.8727 that confirmed easily cross the BBB. In clinical study, the 230 HD patients (mean age, 57.6 years; 53.9% male) without a prior stroke or dementia diagnosis, 55 (24%) were classified with cognitive impairment (MMSE score < 24). Circulating free forms of IS was associated with impaired cognitive function. After adjustment for age, sex, education level, comorbidities and depression scale, the association remained statistically significant in MMSE (β= -0.67, 95% CI -1.24 and -0.09, p = 0.022) and CASI (β= -2.18, 95% CI -4.13 and -0.24, p = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS: IS was associated with cognitive impairment in patients receiving maintenance dialysis. Further studies to investigate the effect of removal of IS in the advanced CKD patients to slow down cognitive decline are needed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".