Effect of an Optimized Cracker on Glycemic and Insulinemic Responses in Healthy Individuals: a Double‐blind, Randomized, Cross‐over Trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Consumers are increasingly interested in snacks that supply energy over an extended period of time, potentially in the form of carbohydrates. Foods containing slowly released carbohydrates generally elicit attenuated postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses. A variety of ingredients and processing and formulation techniques were screened and applied to develop an optimized active cracker containing carbohydrates that were slowly digested in‐vitro, including a whole‐grain composite ingredient comprised of a hydrocolloid co‐processed with high‐amylose maize flour. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that the active cracker, with a significantly lower ratio of rapidly available glucose to slowly available glucose in‐vitro , would elicit lower blood glucose and insulin responses than a control cracker in human subjects. Methods Healthy men and women (n=25) were studied on 2 separate days using a randomized, double‐blind, cross‐over design. After 2 fasting finger‐prick blood samples were taken, subjects consumed 1 serving (56g) of the Active or Control Cracker and further blood samples were obtained over 4hr for serum glucose and insulin analysis. The 56g serving of Active (Control) Cracker, respectively, contained: protein, 3.9 (5.3)g; fat, 6.6 (6.5)g; carbohydrate, 42.4 (40.7)g; and fiber, 11.6 (1.7)g. Results Compared to the Control cracker, the Active cracker elicited a 36±3% lower glucose peak rise (1.59±0.09 vs 2.64±0.21 mmol/L, p<0.00001) and a 35±7% lower insulin peak rise (17.4±2.3 vs 31.9±4.6 uU/mL, p=0.00005). The glucose and insulin AUCs from 0–2 hr after the Active cracker were 36±4% (85±7 vs 146±15 mmol×h/L, p<0.05) and 39±10% 0.87±0.14 vs 1.79±0.33 mU×min/mL, p<0.05), respectively, lower than those after the Control cracker. The glucose AUC from 2–4hr after the Active cracker was significantly higher than Control (22.1±5.1 vs 12.9±3.6 mmol×h/L, p<0.05), whereas insulin AUC over 2–4hr was significantly less after the Active cracker compared to Control (0.15±0.05 vs 0.30±0.01 mU×min/mL, p<0.05). Conclusions The results support the hypothesis that the carbohydrates in the Active cracker are digested and absorbed more slowly in‐vivo than those in the Control, as predicted by the in‐vitro glucose release profile. Support or Funding Information Funded by PepsiCo and Ingredion, Inc.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".