Giardiasis: An Overview
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Giardiasis is an important cause of waterborne and foodborne diarrhea, daycare center outbreaks, and traveler's diarrhea. OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to provide an update on the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of giardiasis. METHODS: A PubMed search was completed in Clinical Queries using the key terms "giardiasis", "Giardia lamblia", "Giardia duodenalis" and "Giardia intestinalis". The search strategy included metaanalyses, randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, observational studies, and reviews. The search was restricted to the English literature. Patents were searched using the key term "giardiasis" from www.freepatentsonline.com. RESULTS: Giardiasis is caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia. The parasite is transmitted by the fecal-oral route, frequently through ingestion of contaminated water and food or person-to person transmission. Risk factors for infection include children in day-care settings, child-care workers, institutionalized individuals, travelers in endemic areas, ingestion of contaminated or recreational water, immunodeficiency, cystic fibrosis, and oral-anal sex. Approximately 50 to 75% of infected children are asymptomatic. Other children present acute or chronic diarrhea. Direct fluorescent antibody tests that detect intact organisms, enzyme immunoassays that detect soluble antigens, and multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assays that detect specific genes of the parasite in stool samples have improved sensitivity and specificity compared with microscopic examination of stool specimens for the detection of Giardia trophozoites or cysts. Drugs used in the treatment of symptomatic giardiasis are reviewed in this study. Moreover, recent patents related to the management of giardiasis are also discussed. CONCLUSION: Metronidazole, tinidazole, and nitazoxanide are drugs of choice. Resistance to common antigiardial drugs has increased in recent years, therefore, the search for new molecular targets for antigiardial drugs is urgently needed. In general, treatment of asymptomatic carriers is not recommended. Purification of water supply is an important preventive measure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".