Radial Glial Filopodia Motility in the developing Xenopus Laevis Optic Tectum is regulated through the cGMP-PKG1 pathway activation and is necessary for the normal function of the Excitatory Tectal Synapses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Radial glia are elongated non-neuronal cells in the nervous system. They were first recognized to act as migrational scaffolds for neuroblasts. With the deepening understanding that glial cells are not passive but engaged in multilevel communication with neurons and other components of the nervous system, new functions were revealed for radial glia. Radial glia and radial glia-like cells act as progenitors for multiple cell types, form transient axo-glial synapses, guide axons and dendrites, wrap synapses and probably perform many other functions yet to be discovered. It is also likely that radial glia have similar or overlapping duties with astrocytes, especially in organisms like Xenopus laevis that do not seem to have astrocytes. Data from the Ruthazer lab has revealed that radial glia in the developing Xenopus laevis optic tectum sense excitatory neural activity and respond to it with increased motility of their filopodial processes. We aimed to better understand the mechanisms and functions for these glial dynamics. Using the techniques of tectal electroporation of DNA constructs and in vivo time-lapse imaging of the cellular interactions in the brain, we determined that cGMP and cGMP-dependent protein kinase PKG1 are implicated in translating neural NMDA receptor activity levels to glial filopodia motility. We also noticed that antagonizing mGluR5 receptor has a small effect on the filopodial motility. We manipulated glial filopodial behaviour by overexpression of modified small GTPases in glia and investigated the effects on neighboring tectal excitatory neurons by patch-clamp electrophysiology measurements. In the case of glial expression of constitutively active RhoA, glial filopodia retracted severely and both frequency and amplitude of mEPSCs were decreased. Interestingly, when expressing another small GTPase - dominant negative Rac - glial filopodia were retained but moved less, and only mEPSC frequency but not amplitude was affected in nearby neurons. This indicates that not just the mere presence of the glial filopodia but also their motility is critical for normal excitatory neuron development.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".