Macro and microstructural characterisation of waste foundry sand reused as aggregate
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, representative samples of waste foundry sand (WFS) from an industrial landfill and steel industries were characterised according to mineral aggregate criteria; these same residues were also characterised microstructurally using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the WFS have very similar physical characteristics compared to conventionally manufactured sand used in asphalt paving. These residues additionally showed similar petrographic characteristics and less risks of potential alkali-reactivity. The elemental composition revealed a predominance of silica (46–52%), ferrous oxides (3–30%) and carbonaceous materials (2–15%), i.e. elements that would not act as pathogenic agents to the pavement asphaltic matrix if the residues were incorporated into it as aggregates materials. Important benefits generated from this practice include cost reduction in asphalt paving projects, reduction in the use of mineral resources and in the discard of waste, increase in the lifespan of landfills and reduction of environmental contamination.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it