An experimental study on the effects of casein protein in unreinforced lime mortar specimens
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Casein, an organic milk protein, existed in masonry mortars from medieval times until the 18 th century. It was understood to improve workability of the mortar. Recent mortar conservation projects have proposed its use, however, little information is existent on its effects on strength, a critical property in repair of masonry mortars. Adding 0.25% casein by mass was insufficient to improve flow properties of mortar. It was found that adding 0.5% casein by mass resulted in a flowable mortar, however, a 75% reduction in strength resulted, while bond strength increased, after 56 days. Reducing the water by 18% resulted in a 50% reduction in strength from that observed in the control sample, while maintaining flowable properties. Reducing the water more than 27% yielded a rapidsetting, non-flowable mortar. The addition of casein is a plausible alternative for repointing existing mortar joints. It has favourable flow properties, as well as improved bond strength.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".