Prospects of Shale gas in India verses Global Scenario and Future of Plasma Pulse Technology
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Conventional sources are expensive, polluting and limited by its reserves so, it will not be able to meet the demand of a country which is increasing continuously. This concern triggered the scramble to secure long term oil supplies and shown their reliance on the unconventional resources. Shale gas is natural gas trapped in the shale formation with organic rich content of methane. Huge reserves have been found in United States, Poland and Canada. On the other side, India, although having the enough reserves of shale gas to fulfill the energy demand (97tcf) has not yet initiated much work in this domain. Technically, the advancement in the horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing are employed for extraction but this technique uses the fracturing fluid for fracturing the formations of shale gas, because of the expense of massive hydraulic fracturing required and also seems to have raised concerns over its contribution to global warming which is not reliable to environment. Henceforth, a new novel stimulation technique has recently been developed known as Plasma Pulse Technology (PPT) which creates vibrations, or generates plasma impulses electrically. These vibrations/impulses reduce viscosity and increase permeability to gas phase to improve its flow for extraction. The technology is designed to improve production cost without resorting to hydro-fracturing, oxidization or other non-ecofriendly processes as we are in the initial stages of exploration, this paper would illustrate the efforts which were made to understand the gas and its implications in geological preparation, extraction, handling and usage, the challenges in its findings and economic implications as a replacement of conventional domestic needs. Moreover, this paper is also aimed at highlighting the environmental implications of hydraulic fracturing, LPG based fracturing and simultaneously predicting the future of PPT. Keywords: Unconventional, Shale gas, Production, Plasma pulse technology, Hydro-fracturing
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".