Correcting <i>T</i><sub>max</sub> Suppression: A Numerical Model for Removing Adsorbed Heavy Oil and Bitumen from Upper Ordovician Source Rocks, Arctic Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A Rock-Eval 6 dataset of 66 samples from the Cape Phillips Formation in the Canadian Arctic region was studied to investigate source rock characteristics and petroleum generation potential. Bulk geochemical characteristics and thermal decomposition behavior of the samples indicate an initial generation potential close to 700 mg HC/g TOC and show an unusually low onset T max temperature for petroleum generation. This led to an examination of possible T max suppression due to a large amount of high-molecular-weight heavy oil and bitumen derived from the early breakdown of kerogen in the samples. Application of a numerical method based on kerogen decomposition kinetics allows for the numerical removal of thermal evaporative products of oil and bitumen adsorbed in the sample without requiring additional pyrolysis experiments or solvent extraction treatments of sample replicates. The removal of the adsorbed hydrocarbon from samples increases the T max value up to 17 °C. The estimated petroleum in the sorption phase varies from 1 to about 9 mg HC/g rock, depending on the total organic content (TOC) and maturity, and is the main form of the total oil yield in this area. The corrected T max –HI cross-plot suggests an onset of petroleum generation around 435 °C of T max, consistent with the general consensus for a normal marine source rock in this region. The constructed kinetic model shows a maximum of 75% transformation ratio (TR), and most samples show TR ranging from 10 to 50% in the early oil generation window on Cornwallis Island. This reconstructed source rock thermal decomposition model in a geological time scale indicates the onset of massive petroleum generation at a temperature of 120 °C, and the maximum transformation ratio of 75% corresponds to a temperature of 140 °C over geological time.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".