ASSESSMENT OF LOCAL CAROTID PULSE WAVE VELOCITY IN PATIENTS WITH ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease and a prototype form of the spondyloarthropathies1. The precise etiology of AS is not fully understood, but inflammation has a critical role in the pathogenesis of the disease affecting the axial skeleton and extra skeletal organs, including the cardiovascular system2. This inflammatory process increases their risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and atherosclerosis3. The local arterial stiffness evaluation is a non-invasive approach which has been associated with CVD and all-cause mortality4, and could help stratify individuals with cardiovascular risk factors. To compare local carotid arterial stiffness between diagnosed AS subjects and controls, evaluated by local carotid pulse wave velocity (carPWV). Design and method: We included 20 subjects diagnosed with AS and no previous history of CVD and 24 controls matched for age and sex. Ultrasound assessment was performed on the right common carotid artery using a Mylab One (ESAOTE Europe, Maastricht, The Netherlands) with echotracking technology that calculates carPWV by obtaining pressure waveforms through changes in arterial diameter (Figure 1). Measurements were performed in a supine position ∼1 cm from the carotid bifurcation and posteriorly calibrated with central pulse pressure obtained by carotid tonometry.Figure 1. Assessment of local carotid stiffness with echo-tracking system to measure carotid artery diameter changes. Table 1. Demographic and blood pressure characteristics of subjects with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and controls. Figure 2. Local carotid pulse wave velocity (carPWV) between ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and controls. Results: The AS subjects presented higher brachial and central systolic blood pressure (BP), diastolic BP, mean arterial pressure and brachial pulse pressure values (p < 0.05) (Table 1). We found higher carPWV in patients with AS compared with controls (6.27 ± 0.72 vs 5.56 ± 1.02 m/s; p = 0.01) (Figure 2). Conclusions: AS subjects showed greater local carotid stiffness compared with controls. This non-invasive assessment of a local elastic artery could be useful to evaluate arterial changes commonly seen in chronic inflammatory processes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".