ANALISIS YURIDIS KEBIJAKAN ADJUSTING IMPORTS OF ALUMINUM AND STEEL INTO THE UNITED STATES BERDASARKAN PRINSIP HUKUM EKONOMI INTERNASIONAL
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Dr. Hanif Nur Widhiyanti, SH. M.Hum., Yasniar Rachmawati, S.H., M.H., Reynaldy Saputra Ginting Fakultas Hukum Universitas Brawijaya ABSTRAK Kebangkitan ekonomi internasional pasca perang dunia kedua pada tahun 1939-1945 ditandai setelah diprakarsasi Bretton Woods Conference . Hal ini secara signifikan mendorong meningkatnya volume perdagangan internasional. Sejalan dengan menigkatnya volume perdagangan internasional, Amerika Serikat sebagai salah satu subjek hukum ekonomi internasional menerapkan kebijakan Adjusting Imports of Aluminum and Steel into The United States pada Maret 2019. Kebijakan Adjusting Imports of Aluminum and Steel into The United States merupakan kebijakan proteksi yang dibuat oleh Presiden Amerika Serikat dalam bentuk Presidential Proclamation yang bertujaun untuk melindungi produksi serta ketergantungan pasar dalam negeri terhadap komoditas impor aluminium dan baja. Dalam pelaksanaanya kebijakan ini dinilai bertentangan dengan prinsip hukum ekonomi internasional yang secara khusus diatur dalam General Agreement Tariffs and Trade 1947. Sampai dengan Februari 2019, terdapat 9 negara yang sudah mengajukan klaim kepada World Trade Organization diantaranya China, Russia, Uni Eropa, India, Kanada, Turki, Swiss, Meksiko dan Norwegia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan menganalisis ketentuan yang ada dalam Presidential Proclamation Adjusting Imports on Aluminum and Steel into The United States berdasarkan General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947 dan Vienna Convention on The Law of Treaties sebagai tolak ukur. Adapun pendekatan yang digunakan ialah, case approach, conseptual approach, dan statute approach. Dari hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan dapat diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa Kebijakan Adjustiing Imports of Aluminum and Steel into The United States telah melanggar prinsip Most Favoured Nation yang diatur dalam Article 1 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947 dan prinsip Quantitative Restrictions . Implikasi yuridis kebijakan Adjusting Imports of Aluminum and Steel into The United States yang dinilai bertentangan dengan hukum ekonomi internasional dapat berupa kemungkinan penerapan embargo yang dilakukan oleh suatu negara baik secara individual maupun kolektif. Kata Kunci: Impor, Perdagangan Internasional , Tarif. ABSTRACT International Economic revival during post-world war II in 1939-1945 began with initiation of Bretton Woods Conference, causing an increase in the volume of international trade. Along with the growing volume, the United States as one of the subjects of international economic law implemented the policy of adjusting imports of Aluminum and Steel into the United States in March 2019. This policy is enacted in Presidential Proclamation by the President of the United States aimed to protect market production and market reliance of the state on imported aluminum and steel. This policy is deemed irrelevant to the legal principles of international economy specifically regulated in General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947. Not until February 2019, did Nine countries, including China, Russia, European Union, India, Canada, Turkey, Swiss, Mexico, and Norway, propose for claims to World Trade Organisation. Normative juridical method along with case, conceptual, and statute approaches was employed to analyse the provision of Presidential Proclamation on Adjusting Imports on Aluminum and Steel into the United States according to General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1945 and Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties as the standard. The research finds that the policy violates Most Favoured Nation Principle as regulated in Article 1 of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947 and Quantitative Restrictions Principle. The juridical implication regarding the implementation of the policy deemed against international economic law is that embargo may be applied independently or collectively by a state. Keywords: import, international tradel, tariff.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".