Bibliographic record
Abstract
Regulators and manufacturers started phasing out chlorofluorocarbon gas refrigerants like Freon in the late 1970s after scientists discovered that they could deplete the ozone layer. But their replacements, hydrochlorofluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons, are greenhouse gases. Some scientists and engineers have suggested using solid-state refrigerants to avoid those environmental issues, but their use has yet to be realized. Now researchers propose that so-called plastic crystal materials could be more effective refrigerants than previously studied solid-state materials (Nature 2019, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1042-5). However, experts caution that major engineering challenges stand between these crystals and your fridge. In conventional refrigerators, standard refrigerants change from liquid to gas, absorbing energy from the air inside the refrigerator and cooling it. A compressor then increases the pressure and temperature of the gas, dumping that absorbed energy outside the refrigerator as hot air as the refrigerant returns to the liquid phase. Previously proposed solid-state alternatives could go through similar
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.017 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".