Shock-induced Stoneley waves in carbonate rock samples
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT To assess the productivity of oil- and gas-bearing carbonate reservoirs, acoustic waves are used to extract information on the reservoir properties. We performed shock-induced broadband linear acoustic wave experiments on fractured carbonate samples with different fracture apertures. Samples were prepared from a full-diameter carbonate rock core in which the aperture of a single fracture could be varied by means of spacers. Microseismograms were constructed from multiple wave experiments. We measured the wave speeds of different wave modes in the annulus along the cylindrical core sample and the transmission coefficient of the Stoneley wave over the fracture. We found that the transmission coefficient of the annulus Stoneley wave can directly be related to the fracture aperture and the fracture length. Comparison with a straightforward quasi-1D theory yielded best-fit values for fracture aperture and length that were in agreement with the actual values, for the fracture aperture determined by the size of the spacers. The values of the fracture length were not accurately predicted probably due to the underestimation of the fracture compliance in the experiment. The inversion method can be optimized for carbonate reservoir conditions to extract fracture data from Stoneley wave transmission and reflection coefficients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".