Standard and elegant higher-order Laguerre–Gaussian correlated Schell-model beams
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract To date, all of the Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) correlated Schell-model beams proposed and studied are restricted to the standard form with the beam mode indices (0, l ), termed as a SLG 0 l CSM beam. We propose, for the first time, the elegant and standard higher-order LG correlated Schell-model beams as an extension to a SLG 0 l CSM beam. We develop theoretical formulae to determine the beam mode indices of a vortex beam and describe propagation effects of such beams. We demonstrate that by controlling the beam mode indices, one can produce different intensity distribution patterns during propagation, for example, a dark or solid core surrounded by bright concentric rings. Moreover, using our proposed beams, we illustrate how single-layer and multi-layer adjustable optical cages can be formed near the back of the focal zone of a lens. As anticipated, the proposed beams may find important applications in particle trapping, optical manipulation and optical communications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".