Continuing surveillance of invasive <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> disease in northwestern Ontario emphasizes the importance of serotype a and non-typeable strains as causes of serious disease: a Canadian Immunization Research Network (CIRN) Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the post-Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib) vaccine era, invasive H. influenzae serotype a (Hia) disease emerged in Canadian First Nation, Inuit, and Alaskan Indigenous populations. Previous studies by our group found a high incidence of invasive Hia disease in northwestern Ontario. We retrospectively reviewed 24 cases (4 pediatric and 20 adult) of invasive H. influenzae disease hospitalized at the northwestern Ontario regional hospital between August 2011 and June 2018. The objectives were to further document the changing epidemiology of invasive H. influenzae disease in the region and to discuss potential control measures. Twenty-two H. influenzae isolates were serotyped and characterized using molecular-biological methods. Of the serotyped cases, there were 2 Hib, 9 Hia, and 11 non-typeable (NTHi). All Hia isolates belonged to the most common sequence types (ST) found in Canada (ST-23 and ST-929); 8 out of 9 were pan susceptible to antibiotics. One (11%) of 9 Hia and 5 (45%) of 11 NTHi cases were fatal. Our data on the consistent presence of serious invasive H. influenzae disease, with 41% prevalence of Hia (9 out of 22 serotyped isolates) and 50% prevalence of NTHi strains (11 out of 22), emphasize the importance of continued surveillance of H. influenzae in the post-Hib vaccine era and are critical information to inform potential vaccine development.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".