Co-opting cattle spaces: Women, cattle, and empowerment in Northwestern Botswana
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper offers spatial insights on gender, development, and empowerment scholarship through a case study of women and cattle in Botswana exploring the interconnections between space, nature, material action, and subjectivities. Using women’s access to and interactions with cattle as an entry point, this paper demonstrates the value of including space in conceptualizations of empowerment. It particularly highlights how enacting cattle rearing activities in certain spaces impacts women’s pride and self-confidence, contributing to changes in subjectivities and gender/spatial ideologies. Subjectivities are both contested and reinforced through women’s actions in cattle spaces in rural Botswana, with certain activities being simultaneously empowering and disempowering. Broadly, this paper reveals the significance to empowerment initiatives of contextualizing asset acquisition in socio-spatial norms. Demonstrating the importance of space in empowerment research also has implications for gender mainstreaming policies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".