A surrogate model assisted (1+1)-ES with increased exploitation of the model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Surrogate models in black-box optimization can be exploited to different degrees. At one end of the spectrum, they can be used to provide inexpensive but inaccurate assessments of the quality of candidate solutions generated by the black-box optimization algorithm. At the other end, optimization of the surrogate model function can be used in the process of generating those candidate solutions themselves. The latter approach more fully exploits the model, but may be more susceptible to systematic model error. This paper examines the effect of the degree of exploitation of the surrogate model in the context of a simple (1 + 1)-ES. First, we analytically derive the potential gain from more fully exploiting surrogate models by using a spherically symmetric test function and a simple model for the error resulting from the use of surrogate models. We then observe the effects of increased exploitation in an evolution strategy employing Gaussian process surrogate models applied to a range of test problems. We find that the gain resulting from more fully exploiting surrogate models can be considerable.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".