Comparative study of the possible lower ionospheric anomalies in very low frequency (VLF) signal during Honshu, 2011 and Nepal, 2015 earthquakes
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present perturbations in very low frequency (VLF) signals received at Ionospheric & Earthquake Research Centre (IERC) (Lat. 22.50N, Long. 87.48E) during and prior to two earthquakes, one on 11 March 2011 at 11:16:24 LT (M = 9) in Honshu, Japan and another on 12 May 2015 at 12:35:19 LT (M = 7.3) in Kodari, Nepal. The VLF signal transmitted from JJI (22.2 kHz) in Japan (Lat. 32.05N, Long. 131.51E) showed strong shift in VLF-sunrise terminator times towards night-time few days prior to both the earthquakes. These two earthquakes took place near the transmitter JJI and receiver IERC respectively. We simulated the VLF sunrise terminator time shifts using the long wavelength propagation capability (LWPC) code. To effectively represent the D-region ionospheric variabilities, we assumed a mean dynamic perturbation over the path and presented them with a set of effective Wait’s parameters (βeff, ). We have successfully reproduced the temporal trend of the normalized VLF signal amplitude at VLF sunrise terminators for a few days around both the earthquakes. We used Wait’s exponential model for estimating the altitude profile of D-region electron density () at VLF sunrise terminator times around both the earthquakes and quantified the changes of those profiles.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it