Bioavailability of Long Chain Omega‐3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids from Phospholipid‐Rich Herring Roe Oil in Men and Women with Mildly Elevated Triacylglycerols
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background The bioavailability of long chain omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n‐3 PUFA) may differ depending on the source and processing of the oil. Objective This randomized, double‐blind, crossover trial assessed the bioavailability of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) from two sources. Methods Thirty‐two adults with fasting triacylglycerol (TAG) concentrations between 100–399 mg/dL were randomly assigned, with stratification by sex and age, to receive 12 capsules/day containing either phospholipid (PL)‐rich herring roe oil (Romega® 30, 628 mg/day EPA; 1810 mg/day DHA; 137 mg/day DPA) or TAG‐rich fish oil (575 mg/day EPA; 1843 mg/day DHA; 259 mg/day DPA) each for a 2‐week period separated by a 4 week washout. EPA, DHA, and DPA were measured in plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC) over a 12 h period following consumption of a single serving of each product, and in fasting blood samples obtained at the end of each 2‐week supplementation period. Results Thirty‐one subjects completed the study and were included in an efficacy evaluable analysis. A majority were non‐Hispanic white (71.0%) men (n = 15) and women (n = 16) with a mean ± SEM age of 45.8 ± 2.0 y, BMI of 27.1 ± 0.4 kg/m 2 , and fasting TAG of 167 ± 9.8 mg/dL. The net incremental (ni)AUC 0–12 h for EPA (161 vs. 97 μg*h/mL), DHA (87 vs. 40 μg*h/mL), and EPA+DHA (239 vs. 126 μg*h/mL) in plasma PC were significantly higher ( p < 0.01 for all) after Romega 30 supplementation compared to fish oil. Similar results were observed when the niAUC 0–12 h for plasma PC EPA, DHA, and DPA in response to the Romega 30 condition were mathematically normalized to account for differences in the intake of these fatty acids in the TAG‐rich fish oil ( p < 0.001 for all). There was a significant increase (change from baseline) in fasting EPA (36 ± 3 μg/mL Romega 30; 31 ± 4 μg/mL fish oil), DHA (88 ± 7 μg/mL Romega 30; 80 ± 9 μg/mL fish oil), and DPA in plasma PC ( p < 0.0001 for all) after 2 weeks of daily supplementation within both conditions, but there were no statistically significant differences between conditions. Both products were well tolerated, as there were no adverse events related to study product consumption, no differences in vital signs or body weight measurements between the two conditions, and the frequency of gastrointestinal symptoms reported before the study were not different from similar measures taken at the end of each test period for each condition. Conclusion These data demonstrate that PL‐rich immature herring roe is a well‐tolerated and highly bioavailable source of EPA, DHA, and DPA LC n‐3 PUFA. Support or Funding Information Supported by Arctic Nutrition AS (Ørsta, Norway)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".