A 5GHz Passively Interpolated 5-Bit Time-to-Digital Converter with 8ps Resolution in IBM 130nm CMOS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This work demonstrates the development of a 5-bit time to digital converter (TDC) using the local passive interpolation (LPI) technique.The TDC architecture achieves a high resolution, while maintaining a low conversion latency, and a good linearity over process variation at multi-GHz rate of operation, which simplifies the calibration process.The time-to-digital converter was fabricated in a 0.13 µm IBM CMOS process (CMRF8SF).At a sampling rate of 100 MHz the maximum frequency of operation was measured to be 1.6 GHz.The uncalibrated resolution of 8.1 psec and a dynamic range of 260 psec were measured.The TDC is compatible with loop counter architectures that can further extend its dynamic range.The raw integral (INL) and differential (DNL) non-linearity of 1.02LSB and 0.52LSB respectively were observed.A correlation with the simulated results confirmed that the proposed LPI-TDC can operate at 5 GHz with some adjustments to measurement setup, input matching, and the on-chip supply integrity.I am deeply
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".