Multidimensional investigation of chronic pain experience and physical functioning following hip fracture surgery: clinical implications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Older adults experience significant chronic pain after hip fracture, resulting in decreased physical functioning. However, pain investigation in this population is mostly limited to self-reported pain intensity. Detailed pain assessment may identify intervention targets other than pain relief. The aim of this study is to investigate multiple dimensions of pain experience (intensity, sensory, affective, evaluative and miscellaneous dimensions) and to correlate them to lower limb functionality and limitations in daily living activities. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 50 older adults (77.1 ± 8.1 years old) who underwent hip fracture surgery in the past 4 months. We used the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) and an algometer to assess pain intensity, pain quality and pressure pain threshold, respectively. Lower limb functionality and limitation in basic (activities of daily living (ADL)) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) were assessed using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and the Brazilian OARS Multidimensional Functional Assessment Questionnaire. Results: Participants described pain as brief, momentary and transient, especially during weight-bearing activities. Although the pain intensity measured by the NRS was reported as moderate to severe (7.5 ± 1.6 points), it was not correlated with physical functioning. However, we observed a moderate negative correlation between pressure pain threshold, ADL and IADL disability ( r = –0.41, p < 0.01). Among pain qualities, the sensory category was moderately negatively correlated to SPPB ( r = –0.41, p < 0.01), and the evaluative category was moderately correlated to ADL and IADL disability ( r = 0.43, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Pain can be present 4 months after hip fracture surgery, particularly during weight-bearing activities, and it is associated with poor lower limb functionality, as well as ADL and IADL disability. Older adults may benefit from pain assessments that go beyond pain intensity measurements after hip fracture, as this helps clinicians optimise pain management and overall functional recovery.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".