Kajian Kesesuaian Standar Cemaran Kimia (Logam Berat dan PAH) pada Produk Perikanan di Indonesia dengan Standar Negara Lain dan Codex
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AbstrakPangan dapat terkontaminasi oleh cemaran kimia karena penanganan dan pengolahan pangan yang tidak sesuai. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah 1) mengidentifikasi mayoritas penyebab penolakan produk perikanan Indonesia, 2) menelaah standar cemaran kimia pada produk perikanan, khususnya logam berat yang ada di Indonesia, Codex Alimentariurs Commision (CAC) dan negara-negara lain, serta 3) memberikan rekomendasi bagi pemerintah selaku regulator dalam proses perumusan suatu standar. Dokumen standar cemaran kimia pada produk perikanan dikumpulkan dari dokumen/peraturan yang dikeluarkan oleh Badan Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan (BPOM), Badan Standardisasi Nasional (BSN), CAC, dan 11 negara lain yaitu Uni Eropa, Kanada, China, Korea Selatan, Vietnam, Amerika Serikat, Jepang, Malaysia, Singapura, Thailand, dan Australia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 164 notifikasi penolakan produk perikanan Indonesia di Uni Eropa, Kanada, dan Korea Selatan selama 10 tahun (2008-2017), penolakan produk perikanan tertinggi disebabkan oleh adanya cemaran kimia merkuri dan metilmerkuri pada ikan todak sebesar 27%, kadmium pada gurita sebesar 5% dan benzo[a]piren pada ikan asap sebesar 3%. Batas maksimum cemaran kimia untuk arsen, kadmium, dan timbal (pada ikan predator) di Indonesia yang terdapat pada Peraturan Kepala (Perka) BPOM Nomor 5 Tahun 2018 lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan yang terdapat di SNI 7387:2009 maupun yang ditetapkan oleh CAC serta negara lain. Indonesia telah menetapkan batas maksimum benzo[a]piren pada ikan asap, sementara itu CAC hanya menetapkan code of practice terhadap benzo[a]piren. Peraturan cemaran logam berat belum sepenuhnya dipedomani oleh para eksportir sehingga masih terdapat penolakan produk perikanan Indonesia. Hal ini menunjukkan masih perlu dilakukan pengawasan terkait kandungan logam berat yang terdapat pada produk perikanan di Indonesia. Code of practice terkait proses pengolahan pangan direkomendasikan untuk diterbitkan guna meminimalisir kandungan benzo[a]piren. Compliance Assessment of Chemical Contaminant Standard (Heavy Metal and PAH) for Fishery Products in Indonesia with those of Other Countries and CodexAbstractFood can be contaminated by chemical contamination through inappropriate food handling and processing. The purpose of this study aims to: 1) identify the chemical contamination caused majority of the rejection of Indonesia fishery products, 2) reviewing the chemical standards of contamination fishery products in Indonesia, Codex Alimentariurs Commision (CAC) and other countries, and 3) provide recommendations for the setting of chemical contamination standards in fishery products. Chemical contamination standards were collected from regulations issued by the Indonesia National Agency of Drug and Food Control (NADFC), National Standardization Agency of Indonesia, CAC, and 11 other countries: European Union/EU, Canada, China, South Korea, Vietnam, United States of America, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and Australia. The results showed that in the 10 years period (2008-2017), there were 164 rejection notifications in EU, Canada, and South Korea and the highest rejection was caused by chemical contamination i.e. 27% caused by mercury and methylmercury in swordfish, 5% caused by cadmium in octopus and 3% caused by benzo[a]pyrene in smoked fish. The maximum limit of chemical contamination for arsenic, cadmium, and lead (predatory fish) in Indonesia as stated in the Regulation of the Head of NADFC Number 5 of 2018 lower than the maximum limit set in SNI 7387: 2009 and sets in CAC and other countries. Indonesia set the maximum limit for benzo[a]pyrene in smoked fish, whereas CAC published the code of practice to avoid a benzo[a]pyrene formation. Regulations of maximum limit for heavy metal contamination have not been fully guided by fisheries exporters, so that there was still rejection of Indonesian fishery products. The action needed is tightening the monitoring of heavy metal in fishery products in Indonesia. Code of practice to avoid benzo[a]pyrene formation is recommended to set up to minimize the benzo[a]pyrene formation on food processing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.035 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".