Investigation of wood pellets self‐heating kinetics and thermal runaway phenomena using lab scale experiments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The phenomena of spontaneous combustion and thermal runaway in wood pellets storage were investigated using lab‐scale experiments in the temperature range of 100–200 °C. The critical temperatures were determined for four sizes of reactors. The kinetic parameters of the self‐heating were determined using three methods, the Frank‐Kamenetskii's method, crossing point method, and numerical curve fitting method. Mean values of activation energy (E) of 78.7 ±0.8 kJ/mol and self‐heating rate constant (∆ rhA) of (4.22 ±2.5) × 10 6 kJ/(kg s) were obtained for four type of wood pellets (made from whitewood) samples from different pellet producers in British Columbia. Finally, a two‐dimensional numerical model was developed to predict the temperature development during self‐heating and the critical temperature for known sizes of reactors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".