If, When, and Why Adolescent Bullying Is Adaptive
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Adolescent bullying appears to be a cross-cultural, worldwide phenomenon. A substantial literature has addressed this phenomenon due to the important implications bullying presents for adolescents. The ubiquity of bullying, along with its heritability, suggests the possibility that some bullying may be the result of evolved adaptations. Unfortunately, the bullying literature has failed to formally examine this possibility in depth. The current chapter is an effort to redress this situation as we look at if, when, and why adolescent bullying is adaptive. We find significant evidence for the functionality of modern bullying and the absence of psychopathologies typically associated with maladaptive development, supporting the claim that bullying may be an evolved adaptation. Evidence from hunter-gatherers and historical data further support this claim. We examine the individual differences, contextual factors, and developmental pathways that may lead to bullying being an important, functional, adaptive behavior among adolescents. We end the chapter with a discussion of the implications an adaptive view of bullying has for intervention, research, and adolescents.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".