Perceived Autonomy Support in Primary Education in the Netherlands: Differences between Teachers and Their Students
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Student autonomy is a much discussed topic in educational practice and research. In this study, primary schoolteachers reported what they do to support the autonomy of their students and students mentioned how they perceivedautonomy in the classroom. From the findings of a focus group, consisting of 10 teachers from the upper years, sixaspects of autonomy were extracted: freedom of choice, self-insight, self-expression, curiosity, independence andproblem solving. Then, 77 teachers and 497 students completed a questionnaire with items on these six aspects. Thisquestionnaire study shows that both teachers and students indicated that class work is mostly focused on studentindependence and the least on freedom of choice. Students and teachers differed in the extent to which this was thecase: teachers were much more positive about the extent to which they work on their students' autonomy than theirstudents. This applied to all six distinct aspects of autonomy support.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".